Smokeless tobacco (ST) products have the potential to be used as a harm reduction method
for cigarette smokers. These products can deliver significantly less toxicants than cigarettes …

Background Tobacco‐specific carcinogen 4‐(methylnitrosamino)‐1‐(3‐pyridyl)‐1‐butanol
(NNAL) was measured in all participants aged 6 years and older from the Centers for …

(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) is a potent lung carcinogen present in
both unburned tobacco and cigarette smoke. The sum of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl) …

An improved liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC− MS/MS) method has
been developed for the determination of tobacco specific nitrosamines (TSNA). It utilizes four …

Recently, several potential harm reduction strategies, such as reduction in the number of
cigarettes smoked and the use of modified cigarette products, have been discussed as …

Globally, oral cancer is one of the ten common cancers. In some parts of the world, including
the Indian subcontinent, oral cancer is a major cancer problem. Tobacco use is the most …

Background Worldwide, smoking is a major public health problem, with exposure to
environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) affecting both smokers, and passive smokers, including …

Smokeless tobacco has been proposed as a reduced risk substitute for smoking, but no
large studies have investigated exposure to the powerful carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino) …

Background Environmental tobacco smoke has been classified by the Environmental
Protection Agency as a carcinogen causally associated with lung cancer in adults, but there …

Abstract A major carcinogen, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), is
present in cigarette smoke and its metabolite, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol …