Atrial septal defect (ASD) and Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO) are two different entities from
anatomic, pathophysiologic and haemodynamic perspective. We present a case of a 60 year …

Background Three dimensional transoesophageal echocardiography (3D TOE) has allowed
better understanding of atrial septal anatomy and patent foramen ovale (PFO) morphology …

Atrial septal defect (ASD) is a common congenital heart disease representing 30% of
congenital lesions in adults. Transcatheter closure has been regarded as an acceptable …

The atrial septum (AS) is bordered anteriorly by the aortic root and posteriorly by the
posterior atrial walls. Because the left atrium is posterior and to the left of the right atrium, the …

Transthoracic (TTE) and transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is the standard imaging
method for atrial septal defect (ASD) and patent foramen ovale (PFO) detection, for patient …

Imaging to guide percutaneous closure of patent foramen ovale (PFO) and atrial septal
defect (ASD) has traditionally required transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) with …

Objective To evaluate the benefit of using three-dimensional transesophageal
echocardiography (3DTEE) over conventional two-dimensional transesophageal …

Percutaneous transcatheter occlusion of atrial septal defects (ASD) and patent foramen
ovale (PFO) is less invasive than the gold standard of surgical closure [1]. Indications for this …

Highlights•TTE with contrast study is being used for indirect diagnosis of PFO.•TEE affords
direct visualization of PFO with measurement of PFO size.•TEE also provides detailed …

Atrial septal defect (ASD) is a common congenital defect (1 in 1000 live births) and accounts
for up to 40% of clinically relevant acyanotic shunts in adults. 1 Patent foramen ovale (PFO) …