Objective. To study the impact of various elements of pharmacy benefit design on both the
absolute and relative utilization of generics, brands, retail pharmacy, and mail service. Data …

BACKGROUND: The generic dispensing ratio (GDR)-the number of generic fills divided by
the total number of prescriptions-is a standard performance metric on which pharmacy …

Objectives To (1) describe prescription drug cost sharing and benefit structures faced by
seniors before implementation of the Medicare drug benefit,(2) examine the relationship …

BACKGROUND: Little evidence has been presented to date that would either support or
refute a widely held belief that mail-service pharmacy utilization routinely produces savings …

Context Medicare Part D drug benefits include substantial cost sharing. Objective To
determine beneficiaries' knowledge of benefits and cost responses. Design, Setting, and …

BACKGROUND: Pharmacy benefit managers (PBMs) play a major role in administering
prescription drug benefit programs for health plans and employers. PBMs have often …

BACKGROUND: Incentive-based prescription drug cost sharing can encourage seniors to
use generic medications. Little information exists about prescription drug cost sharing and …

ContextPrescription drugs are instrumental to managing and preventing chronic disease.
Recent changes in US prescription drug cost sharing could affect access to them …

Objectives: To examine the impact of incentive formularies on prescription drug spending
shifts in formulary compliance, use of generic medications, and mail-order fulfillment in the …

Purpose. The potential impact of the Democrat-proposed Medicare drug program reform
plan; possible Congressional actions in 2007; the standard Medicare prescription drug …