Learning is a cornerstone of intelligent behavior in animals. This behavior has been mostly
studied in organisms with a fairly complex nervous system. However, recent reports of …

Learning ability in unicellular organisms has been studied since the first half of the 20th
century, but there is still no clear evidence of unicellular learning. Based on results from …

Propofol belongs to a class of molecules that are known to block learning and memory in
mammals, including rodents and humans. Interestingly, learning and memory are not tied to …

The question of whether a single-celled organism without a brain could have functions such
as learning and memory has been the subject of much debate in recent years. The …

The plasmodium of Physarum polycephalum is a unicellular and multinuclear giant amoeba
that shows adaptive behaviors. To test the presence of memory and learning ability in the …

Learning, defined as a change in behaviour evoked by experience, has hitherto been
investigated almost exclusively in multicellular neural organisms. Evidence for learning in …

In the marine snail Hemissenda, associative learning can be accomplished by paired
presentations of light and vestibular stimulation. It is generally assumed that associative …

Lymnaea is an attractive model for neuroscientists interested in understanding the
behavioral, neural and molecular basis of associative (Pavlovian) learning and memory. The …

The power of the small honeybee brain carrying out behavioral and cognitive tasks has
been shown repeatedly to be highly impressive. The present study investigates, for the first …

The effect of associative training on an identified putative motoneuron (MN1) in an identified
visual input-output neural pathway was studied in Hermissenda crassicornis. The increased …