Introduction Fluorescence-guided surgery is one of the rapidly emerging methods of surgical
“theranostics.” In this review, we summarize current fluorescence techniques used in …

Significance: Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive malignant brain
tumor in adults. With a worldwide incidence rate of 2 to 3 per 100,000 people, it accounts for …

Background Visualization of the tumor is crucial for differentiating malignant tissue from
healthy brain during surgery, especially in the tumor marginal zone. The aim of the study …

Background: Intraoperative semiquantitative classification of different visible 5-
aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) fluorescence levels by the neurosurgeon is subjective …

Identification of tumour margins during resection of the brain is critical for improving the post-
operative outcomes. Current methods of tumour identification use 5-ALA, an exogenous …

Advanced stage glioma is the most aggressive form of malignant brain tumors with a short
survival time. Real-time pathology assisted, or image guided surgical procedures that …

Intraoperative optical cancer imaging is an emerging technology in which surgeons employ
fluorophores to visualize tumors, identify tumor-positive margins and lymph nodes …

Multiphoton excitation fluorescent microscopy is a laser-based technology that allows
subcellular resolution of native tissues in situ. We have recently applied this technology to …

In neurosurgery, the precise diagnosis and treatment of tumor diseases are challenging to
realize. Current clinical diagnoses lack fast and accurate intraoperative information …

Abstract Purpose Heterogeneity within GBMs and variability of visualized fluorescence
combine to confer practical limitations to the technique of optical imaging. A biometric …