Peptides and proteins, two important classes of biomacromolecules, play important roles in
the biopharmaceuticals field. As compared with traditional drugs based on small molecules …

The presence of cell and tissue barriers together with the low biomembrane permeability of
various therapeutics often hampers systemic drug distribution; thus, most of the available …

About 25 years ago it was demonstrated that certain peptides possess the ability to cross the
plasma membrane. This led to the development of cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) as …

Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), developed for more than 30 years, are still being
extensively studied due to their excellent delivery performance. Compared with other …

Biological cell membranes are a natural barrier for living cells. In the last few decades, the
cell membrane has been the main hurdle in the efficient delivery of bioactive and therapeutic …

Unique characteristics, such as nontoxicity and rapid cellular internalization, allow the cell-
penetrating peptides (CPPs) to transport hydrophilic macromolecules into cells, thus …

To transverse the plasma membrane and gain access to the cellular interior is one of the
major obstacles for many novel pharmaceutical molecules. Since the late 1990s, cell …

Simple Summary Crossing biological barriers is often required for drug delivery. Cell-
penetrating peptides (CPPs) are short strands of amino acids that have been widely used as …

The hydrophilic nature of peptides and proteins renders them impermeable to cell
membranes. Thus, in order to successfully deliver peptide and protein-based therapeutics …

The selective permeability of the plasma membrane prohibits most exogenous agents from
gaining cellular access. Since many therapeutics and reporter molecules must be …