… habits in vultures are reflected in the cervical musculoskeletal system. In … neck, we investigate
the anatomy of the neck in three sympatric species of vultures representing gulpers, rippers …

… are reflected in the anatomy of the skull and neck. Here, we … vulture feeding groups (ie,
gulpers, rippers and scrappers) … of 22 species of vultures (which includes all extant species) …

… strategies termed ripper, gulper, and scrapper. We use … Configuration of the 38 anatomical
landmarks (red) and 24 semi-… to accommodate larger jaw and neck muscles) and more robust …

… anatomical distribution on a carcass scavenged by griffon … The precise forepaws and the
elastic neck of the vulture family … causes them to be called as gulpers 68 . Likewise, longitudinal …

… anatomy and physiology of the avian digestive system are also discussed in detail, with
information about the interspecific variation in the anatomy … the head and neck in shallow water); …

… classified as rippers, which feed primarily on the tough skin and hide of a carcass, gulpers, …
gryphus, which is consistent with feeding observations and functional anatomy of vultures [1,…

… of the vertebrate neck and suggests that similar assessments of anatomical variation at …
Recent work has suggested variation exists in the neck musculature of vultures [17], and it …

… of information on Neotropical vulture ecology, we adopt a dual vulture tracking and carcass
provi… Gulper, ripper and scrapper: anatomy of the neck in three species of vultures. J. Anat. …

… Cervical anatomical variation is also easily perceived by comparing different species of …
to extremely long mid-cervical vertebrae, from small to tall neural spines throughout the …

… body, but a highly complex structure that performs a variety of … ) cinereous vulture (Aegypius
monachus) is a typical ‘ripper’ … ’ (15 CV) griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus) is a typical ‘gulper’ who …