… Unobserved Heterogeneity in Hierarchical Datasets … , industry) to have a separate intercept
and slope is indicated by … The likelihood ratio test can be used for comparing nested models…

… to separate scale heterogeneity from other heterogeneity. … specific random coefficients
captures additional heterogeneity … continuous heterogeneity in the non-zero coefficient values, …

… in an attempt to explain the heterogeneity between studies, that is, to … in separate variance
estimates for each random effect. … Looking at odds ratio, we can see that the variance values in …

… Intuitively, injectivity guarantees that one can separate the types of two … of GFE in models
where heterogeneity follows a nonlinear factor structure, we present the results of a small-scale …

… , homogeneity of the residuals, independence of the random … data ranges, the latent scale
values were divided by 2 before … models or if two levels are nearly identical in their factor …

… random effect. The effects of explanatory variables in such … regression modeling approach,
called spatially clustered coefficient (… locations, resulting in isolated points. In such a case, (2) …

… the standard RE model (without separated within and between … As long as we interpret any
coefficient estimates with these … from models that assume homogeneity incorrectly will suffer …

… by estimating both coefficient vectors in a common model. Second, we … between the coefficients
by simulation. Both of them … Note that we include a random slopes model here, because …

… ) model is proposed in our study by setting the coefficients ( β … separate models by divergence
type are warranted will bring … coefficient and the Kendall’s tau-b correlation coefficient …

… For example, depression can be measured by different scales … (under the homogeneity
assumption) divided by a constant a: … It applies when a study-level factor of interest is categorical (…