… having sustainable traits such as lower production costs, fewer pest … insect resistance process
to high insect attack in refuges and for … To ensure sustainable use and durability of the trait …

… to fight rootworm, these insects cost US farmers an estimated … is even more effective the larger
the refuge of nontreated crop… an insect resistant to the dsRNA insecticide was not resistant …

… Insecticide resistance management (IRM) programs in this … exposure to Bt or fitness costs
associated with resistance are … the impact of Bt corn under seed blend and structure refuge on …

… refuge, which is planting 80% Bt corn and 20% non-Bt corn … resulting ACB damage that
entailed cost for insecticide use. … product durability and sustainable use of Bt corn technology in …

… immensely towards sustainable development (Singh & Singh, … seed blend refuge systems
of non-Bt and Bt corn. Journal of … and fitness costs of insect resistance to genetically modified …

… rates in the Bt maize hybrids relative to non-Bt ones (Fig. 3b). … more oviposited by fall armyworm
moths than non-Bt maize … the refuge strategy for mitigating insect resistance development…

… non-Bt maize, in addition to planting refuges of non-Bt maize, … In the US, an insect resistance
management (IRM) strategy is … corn rootworm, fitness costs of resistance to Bt maize may …

… that all crops of conventional maize in buffer zones, refuge zones, and areas with … cost of
seeds, making them available to more planters. The future will show if the interaction of Bt maize …

… nubilalis neonates to more frequently abandon Bt maize … behavior, declining consumption
rates over time, and a … a seed blend refuge scenario where Bt and non-Bt maize plants will be …