Biodiesel is produced commonly by alcoholysis of lipid feedstock using homogeneous
catalysts (eg KOH) soluble in an alcohol phase. Unfortunately, this process involves multiple
purification steps of biodiesel and glycerol due to catalyst existence in both phases that
hinder process viability. Besides, contents of free fatty acids FFAs> 2 wt%, and the presence
of moisture limit the application of homogeneously catalyzed transesterification. Accordingly,
heterogeneous catalysis is preferred owing to the ease of catalyst separation as well as its …