… window formation on the time-varying paleoenvironments of the Isthmus of Panama region.
We developed detailed reconstructions of the seafloor spreading history in the Panama …

Caribbean biota underwent major ecological and evolutionary transformation in the
Pliocene–Pleistocene, but a lack of detailed paleoenvironmental reconstruction prevents thorough …

… The exact age of the nal formation of the Isthmus of Panama … the palaeogeography of the
Isthmus of Panama (eg ref.) did not … whether the formation of the Isthmus of Panama is related to …

… formation of the Isthmus is generally interpreted to have formed due to tectonic collision of
the Panama … , show that the emergence of Panama resulted instead from a complex interplay …

… The consequences of forming the Isthmus of Panama were dramatic to marine biodiversity,
ocean circulation and global climate. Thus, this study aims to understand how the uplift of the …

A review of the bedrock geology of the Isthmus of Panama highlights tectonic deformation—tilting,
bending, and breaking—, as the major controlling factor in the sites and modes of …

… This paper describes the rise of eustatic sea level in the Gulf of Panama, Panama, and
the formation of the Pearl Islands and Taboga archipelagos during the late Pleistocene and …

This study reconstructs the climatic and oceanographic changes from 13 to 4 Ma at Ocean
Drilling Program (ODP) Sites 999 (Caribbean) and 1241 (East Pacific) during Panama …

… The Nazca Plate convergence with Panama changed to left-lateral strike-… formation of the
east Panama deformed belt by left-lateral transpression, basin closure and uplift of the isthmus …

… Here, Americans began to truly mark their stamp on Panama. … Panama, formed an American
settlement across the river from Chagres. They began competing directly with Panamanian …