… in exercising females, to include low energy availability with … Leptin, insulin, ghrelin,
triiodothyronine (T 3 ), testosterone, … significant decreases in leptin and insulin, but no changes in …

… of energy availability relates energy intake only to exercise … of key energy homeostasis-related
adipokine leptin may lay … glucose and insulin were consistently shown to be reduced in …

… basal leptin and insulin levels of exercising men … Lower leptin levels depend solely on
energy availability, as shown in male rowers [72] and exercising healthy females [16], but are also …

… elevated cortisol, reduced testosterone and insulin-like growth … Reductions in testosterone,
IGF-1 & leptin post & 12 h post … For example, individual responses in 55% of exercising men …

… resulting from low energy availability and high exercise levels … was first described in female
athletes [5, 7, 8], both men and … of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), insulin, leptin and T3—…

… OR low energy availability in females questionnaire OR insulin OR … in leptin were likely due
to reduced energy availability, as … , but not the stress of exercise, have been shown to reduce …

… noted that male endurance athletes may have chronic lower … as the Exercise Hypogonadal
Male Condition (EHMC) [19], but … were associated with higher cortisol:insulin ratio and lower …

… with an emphasis on low energy availability and its role in … healthy level of energy availability
for exercising women and we … in serum leptin and insulin were observed, but no reductions …

… EA was then reduced by increasing exercise energy … Serum insulin level was analyzed with
a double antibody RIA (… Body mass, FFM and body fat were lower after the intervention, but …

… insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and leptin, are suppressed by … cycling exercise decreased
circulating levels of leptin, but … , leptin declined in response to low energy availability. This …