… Biologics are generally large molecules (eg, monoclonal antibodies) that require parenteral
… -generation molecule that specifically interferes with leukocyte homing into the inflamed gut …

… The introduction of monoclonal antibodies targeting tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF) in the …
guidance provided on the selection of alternative molecules. There is also some evidence …

… These antibodies bind to the circulating drug, neutralize its effect, and ultimately lead to …
These mechanisms include several selective adhesion molecule inhibitors, IL-23 inhibitors, JAK …

… option as antibodies are specific for a given therapeutic molecule (… mechanisms of
action, this option is not commonly used and may be reserved for certain patients with extra-intestinal …

… Antibodies have provided invaluable treatment options for … to modulate the activity of their
target molecules. Immunotherapy, … necrosis factor alpha is considered a major player in driving …

… due to the variations in the molecular structure. Hence, the … inhibitor OR TNF inhibitor OR
anti-tumor necrosis factor OR … antibodies penetrate the inflamed sites of the colon in vivo [94]…

… , tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is a central inflammatory … peptides and their effects on
the inflamed intestinal barrier in … mechanisms of action of molecules with anti-TNF-α activity …

… diseases, including inflammatory bowel diseases. ADAs arise … Infliximab, an anti–tumor
necrosis factor (TNF) monoclonal … instead of the 150-kDa molecular weight of the intact antibody. …

… to earlier treatment with anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) … , the advent of more advanced
molecular and cellular biology … Vedolizumab is a humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody that …

Background: A total of 15% to 40% of adult inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients are
obese. The influence of obesity on anti-tumor necrosis factor-α (anti-TNF-α) treatment in IBD …