… We also consider the known risk factors for MS and the need for careful evaluation of these
… , suggesting abnormalities in brain metabolic pathways 44 . These early studies suggest that …

… association with a potential prodromal symptom. Other case-… imaging and altered metabolic
pathways in individuals with … onset of the prodromal phase and be a true risk factor for MS. …

… Identification of triggers for MS onset requires careful consideration of the prodromal phase
to avoid attributing a “risk factor” for MS to manifestations of early symptoms of disease (…

… understanding of causal pathways 24 . Given the subsequent evidence for a prodromal stage
of … research criteria for prodromal PD 9,43 by combining multiple risk factors for and early …

… levels have implicated vD in the causal pathway of MS 18. … , through the asymptomatic,
prodromal and symptomatic … the time from exposure to environmental risk factors and the onset of …

… as potential risk factors for developing MS, eg infectious diseases such as Epstein-Barr
virus/mononucleosis or traumatic brain injury [Citation18,Citation19]; and conditions occurring …

… As our knowledge of the prodromal period of disease improves, it might also be possible to
… More evidence is needed for the causative role of known risk factors. Most of what is known …

… It may have a prodromal phase in the years leading up to MS … with MS risk and involve other
immune pathways, including B-… Environmental risk factors for multiple sclerosis. Part I: The …

… ends from DNA damage response pathways [1,3]. During … prodrome” is of critical concern
for studies on MS risk factors and therefore needs to be better understood. Studies on potential …

… causal associations following randomized clinical trials. Below, we discuss the applications
of this method to explore the potential causal association between risk factors … the pathway of …