… ICRC unless their role is to directly participate in hostilities.… the loss of protection to a civilian’s
actual direct participation in … could be misused as an opportunity to enact ‘revenge killings’ …

… constraining: Kenneth Watkin, “Opportunity Lost: Organized Armed Groups and the ICRC ‘…
organized armed group, but whose function does not involve direct participation in hostilities”.…

… ICRC, 'a clear and uniform definition of direct participation in … of the Guidance was the
opportunity it presented to pinpoint … on the loss of protection against direct attack. The international …

… ), whereby civilians can lose their normal protection and be … ICRC contrasted civilians directly
participating in hostilities … DPH should be given an opportunity to surrender and potentially …

… including hundreds of thousands of lives lost and disappeared, tens of … -State actors, and the
opportunities available to mitigate its … And in Haiti, heavily armed gangs that have long been …

… icrc has shown how ‘a clear and uniform definition of direct … lose their immunity ‘for such time
as’ they directly participate … to take greater risks in hostilities due to the opportunity to regain …

… respect for IHL has become a lost battle. As the guardian of this … the challenges and the
opportunities in generating better … may be organized with any political or military group, the ICRC …

… to be applicable to armed groups: the organized armed group(s) … of the losing side of their
liberty for participating in hostilities. … That said, when it comes to the amnesty clause, the ICRC …

… and organized armed groups or between such groups within … and their loss can gravely affect
troops’ morale, in the case of … course to its capacities and opportunities, which may be very …

… various tasks, including direct participation in hostilities (DPH). … ICRC Interpretive Guidance
that those members of armed … from giving him or her an opportunity to surrender where there …