Peptide-based nanovaccines have emerged as promising strategies for combating reemerging and emerging infectious diseases. They exhibit excellent immunogenicity and therapeutic potential. They have shown the ability to elicit robust immune responses, such as activation of antigen-presenting cells, induction of antibodies and T-cell responses, and generation of memory immune cells. This comprehensive review article aims to provide a thorough overview of recent advances in the field, including immunological mechanisms, structural design approaches, and utilization of various nanomaterials. Overall, peptide-based nanovaccines hold great promise in combating infectious diseases. Precise design and assembly of targeted and tailored immune responses will enable effective prevention, treatment, and long-term protection. Further research is needed to optimize their efficacy, safety, and clinical translation. The knowledge gained from these studies will pave the way for a future with more effective immunotherapeutic interventions against infectious diseases.