… to the ancestral family, the broader IL-1 superfamily also includes IL-18 and IL-33, which are
not evolutionarily related, but have substantial structural and functional similarities with IL-1 (…

… and functional analysis of IRAKs by exploiting the amphioxus, a pivotal taxon connecting
invertebrates and vertebrates. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis indicated three major IRAK …

… of these receptors are attached to Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) … of IL-1 family signaling
mechanisms by revealing the … There are many similarities between the two signaling-competent …

… toll–interleukin 1 (IL-1) receptor (TIR) domains required for the activation of downstream
signal transduction pathways (Fig. 1) (Gao et al., 2017). The extracellular domains of TLR …

… However, at present, our understanding and targeting of intracellular TIR signaling
remains poorly underdeveloped in comparison to approaches targeting extracellular TLRs. …

Background/Aim. Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) are pivotal biomolecules in the immune system.
Today, we are all aware of the importance of TLRs in bridging innate and adaptive immune …

… Therefore, the TLR4/IRAK4 signaling pathway is considered to be a key mechanism of …
In the above-mentioned study, the differences in the expression levels of IRAK4 and IRAK1 …

… (TM) segment, and a C-terminal Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) homology domain 10, 11 (…
The lipid IVa adopts a very different configuration when compared to the existing structure of …

… , innate immunity and cell death mechanisms protect hosts from … are often mediated by
Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain … simplified to highlight their similarities and differences. …

… -like receptors (TLRs), named Toll/interleukin-1 receptor domain (… signaling in the presence
of IL-36α and IL-36β, compared with IL-36γ. The C42A mutation also showed less signaling …