… The nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide redox pair, NAD + … -based analytical measures of
pyruvate, lactate, acetoacetate, … , both free and bound forms, in the cytosol plus mitochondria. …

… acid cycle, malate-aspartate shuttle, the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide/reduced …
transformation of pyruvate to lactate will consume protons, and the NADH in cytoplasm will …

… continuous energy needs of heart and brain, the … Pyruvate (P) and lactate (L) are in equilibrium
with a high NAD/NADH ratio (low NADH) driven by lactate dehydrogenase in the cytosol …

… rearrange eqn (4) to estimate the cytosolic redox state: … Moreover, in both skeletal and cardiac
muscle, oxamate, a well-… rather lactate must first be converted to pyruvate in the cytosol or …

… from the ‘nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrogen’ (… the fatty acids to fatty acyl CoA in
the cytosol [3]. Transporting of the … LEAK state was determined when malate [0.4 M], pyruvate [2 …

… In anaerobic conditions, pyruvate is diverted to lactate and … In the cytosol it is converted to
malonyl-CoA by acetyl-CoA … fluxes was measured alongside cardiac triglyceride uptake and …

… in near equilibrium with the circulating lactate:pyruvate ratio, we … in the LDH reaction in the
cytosol. We envisioned irreversibly … tissue NADH:NAD + redox balance in the brain and heart. …

… yields reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) … highly expressed in the cytoplasm
and the sarcoplasmic … as pyruvate metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, lactate production, …

… In the process, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is reduced to NADH … pyruvate
oxidation, eg during ischaemia or in diabetes78. Lactate transport across the cell membrane in …

… tetrameric enzyme found in both the cytosol and the nucleus … generate reduced nicotinamide
adenine dinucleotide (NADH… well as lactate and pyruvate, compatible with increased TCA …