Food waste is a challenge to the environment worldwide; hence recycling is required. Fruit and vegetable waste feedstock is a sustainable resource with a significant possibility for electricity, biogas production, and chemical solvents. Biomass-derived bioethanol is 10–15% of the global energy sources and resolves fuel scarcity, greenhouse gas emissions, and fossil fuel exhaustion. At present, bioethanol is a matter of global attention for reducing air pollution worldwide. Fruits and vegetable residues contain a high amount of simple and complex carbohydrates, and these sugars can be used as raw and fresh matter for the production of bioethanol using microbial culture. Currently, 80% of bioethanol is produced from foodgrain supplies such as sugar and starch. Recently, lignocellulosic biomass gathers more attention. This chapter purposes of explaining processes engaged in fruits and vegetable waste biomass pretreatment and fermentation process. The chapter also discussed fermentation conditions that affect fermentation, microbial culture, and ethanol yield.