… to evolvability (Wagner & Altenberg, 1996): “By modularity we mean a genotype–phenotype
map in which there are few pleiotropic effects among characters serving different functions.” …

… The tetrapod skull has been one of the most common structures used to studying
phenotypic modularity. Most analyses have focused on testing simple or single hypotheses of …

… while a modular system has the freedom to explore a wider range of morphospace, this
system is less likely to evolve maximally disparate phenotypes as compared to an integrated one …

… Here, we investigate morphological integration (and how this integration is structured [modularity])
between all the presacral vertebrae of mammalian carnivorans to provide a better …

… integration and modularity apply to sets of traits both within and among functionally and
phenotypically … On macroevolutionary timescales, patterns of integration and modularity within …

… for the generation of domestic phenotypes, support for this … of morphological integration
and modularity to assess … of neural crest vs mesoderm modular structure to the cranium…

… traits; however, integration is expected to … phenotypic covariance matrix (Wagner and
Altenberg 1996; Goswami et al. 2014; Melo et al. 2016; Felice et al. 2018). An integrated phenotype …

… causes of modular organization may have differing phenotypic … skeletal integration,
ecomorphology and the role of modular … Our analysis of size integration suggests a highly modular …

… integrated but relatively independent of other traits. Phenotypic integration and modularity
… investigated the pattern of cranial integration and modularity of the Italian fire salamander (…

… phenotypic integration We also document differences in the magnitude of phenotypic integration
… However, we do find differences in phenotypic integration and rates of morphological …