The tumor microenvironment is highly complex owing to its heterogeneous composition and
dynamic nature. This makes tumors difficult to replicate using traditional 2D cell culture …

Cancer is intrinsically complex, comprising both heterogeneous cellular compositions and
microenvironmental cues. During the various stages of cancer initiation, development, and …

Cancer research depends on the challenging task of producing representative and reliable
models of human disease; these have largely been limited to mouse models or human …

Neuroblastoma is an extracranial solid tumor which develops in early childhood and still has
a poor prognosis. One strategy to increase cure rates is the identification of patient-specific …

The current drug development pipeline takes approximately fifteen years and $2.6 billion to
get a new drug to market. Typically, drugs are tested on two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures …

In the past decade, organoid and organ-on-a-chip cancer models have rapidly gained
attention as alternatives to traditional two-dimensional cell cultures and murine models …

The complex and heterogenous nature of cancer contributes to the development of cancer
cell drug resistance. The construction of the cancer microenvironment, including the cell–cell …

Cancer is a severe threat to human life and health and represents the main cause of death
globally. Drug therapy is one of the primary means of treating cancer; however, most …

The exact mechanistic understanding of cancer metastasis continues to be unknown,
although it is a major cause of death worldwide. Along with the tumor mass, the tumor …

The ideal in vitro recreation of the micro-tumor niche—although much needed for a better
understanding of cancer etiology and development of better anticancer therapies—is highly …