In vitro engineering of tumor milieus is complex because cancer progression and metastasis
involve spatio-temporally evolving cell–matrix interactions, myriad interactions between …

In vitro cancer 3D models are valuable tools to provide mechanistic insight into solid tumor
growth, invasion, and drug delivery. The 3D spheroid model of solid tumors has been the …

Organ-on-a-chip engineering employs microfabrication of living tissues within microscale
fluid channels to create constructs that closely mimic human organs. With the advent of 3D …

The tumor microenvironment (TME) influences cancer progression. Therefore, engineered
TME models are being developed for fundamental research and anti-cancer drug screening …

The core of the drug research and screening processes is predicting the effect of drugs prior
to human clinical trials. Due to the 2D cell culture and animal models' poor predictability, the …

Abstract 3D bioprinting is an emerging field that can be described as a robotic additive
biofabrication technology that has the potential to build tissues or organs. In general …

Use of three-dimensional bioprinting for the in vitro engineering of tissues has boomed
during the past five years. An increasing number of commercial bioinks are available, with …

Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a technique where the products are printed layer-by-layer
via a series of cross-sectional slices with the exact deposition of different cell types and …

Animal models have been extensively used in cancer pathology studies and drug discovery.
These models, however, fail to reflect the complex human tumor microenvironment and do …

Organ-on-chips were designed to simulate the real tissue or organ microenvironment by
precise control of the cells, the extracellular matrix and other micro-environmental factors to …