Both the replication and transcription of the influenza virus are catalyzed by the viral
polymerase complex. The polymerases of most avian influenza A viruses have poor …

Avian influenza viruses occasionally infect and adapt to mammals, including humans. Swine
are often described as “mixing vessels,” being susceptible to both avian-and human-origin …

The polymerase of the influenza virus is part of the key machinery necessary for viral
replication. However, the avian influenza virus polymerase is restricted in mammalian cells …

The influenza B virus (IBV) causes seasonal influenza and has accounted for an increasing
proportion of influenza outbreaks. IBV mainly causes human infections and has not been …

Species-specific differences in acidic nuclear phosphoprotein 32 family member A
(ANP32A) determine the restriction of avian-signature polymerase in mammalian cells …

Influenza A viruses (IAV) are subject to species barriers that prevent frequent zoonotic
transmission and pandemics. One of these barriers is the poor activity of avian IAV …

ABSTRACT ANP32 proteins, which act as influenza polymerase cofactors, vary between
birds and mammals. In mammals, ANP32A and ANP32B have been reported to serve …

The avian-origin influenza A virus polymerase is restricted in human cells. This restriction
has been associated with species differences in host factor ANP32A. Avian ANP32A …

Background Influenza viruses must utilize host factors to complete their lifecycle. Species-
specific differences in host factors between birds and mammals mean that avian influenza …

Influenza pandemics occur unpredictably when zoonotic influenza viruses with novel
antigenicity acquire the ability to transmit amongst humans. Host range breaches are limited …