Summary Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α and HIF-2α promote cellular adaptation to acute
hypoxia, but during prolonged activation, these isoforms exert mutually antagonistic effects …

Oxygen (O 2) is an essential nutrient that serves as a key substrate in cellular metabolism
and bioenergetics. In a variety of physiological and pathological states, organisms …

Insufficient oxygen availability (hypoxia) is a precursor to numerous cardiovascular
diseases, including atherosclerosis, pulmonary hypertension, and heart failure. The main …

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) accounts for the largest number of deaths worldwide,
necessitating the development of novel treatments and prevention strategies. Given the …

Partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) in the kidney is maintained at a relatively stable level by a
unique and complex functional interplay between renal blood flow, glomerular filtration rate …

The hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) system was discovered as an oxygen-sensitive regulatory
pathway that confers adaptive responses to hypoxia. Novel aspects of this growing network …

Hypoxia is a fundamental stimulus that impacts cells, tissues, organs, and physiological
systems. The discovery of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) and subsequent identification of …

Adaptation to low oxygen tension (hypoxia) in cells and tissues leads to the transcriptional
induction of a series of genes that participate in angiogenesis, iron metabolism, glucose …

Cardiac function is required for blood circulation and systemic oxygen delivery. However,
the heart has intrinsic oxygen demands that must be met to maintain effective contractility …

Hypoxia, the decline of tissue oxygen stress, plays a role in mediating cellular processes.
Cardiovascular disease, relatively widespread with increased mortality, is closely correlated …