Drugs of abuse are typically discussed in terms of their rewarding effects and how these
effects mediate drug taking. However, these drugs produce aversive effects that could have …

Although the focus on animal models of drug abuse has traditionally been on the
reinforcement processes underlying the initiation and escalation of drug intake, recently …

Rats emit aversive taste reactivity (TR) behavior (ie, gapes) following intraoral delivery of a
cocaine-paired taste cue and greater conditioned aversive TR at the end of training predicts …

Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) learning describes a phenomenon wherein an animal
learns to avoid consumption of a particular taste or food following its pairing with an aversive …

PATRICIA S. GRIGSON, ROBERT C. TWINING, CHRISTOPHERS. FREET, ROBERTA.
WHEELER, AND RASTAFA I. GEDDES ccording to figures provided by the National Institute …

Rats emit aversive taste reactivity (TR) behavior (ie, gapes) following intraoral delivery of a
cocaine-paired taste cue, and greater conditioned aversive TR in well-trained rats predicts …

Drug use and abuse are complex issues in that the basis of each may involve different
determinants and consequences, and the transition from one to the other may be equally …

Although the interaction between ethanol and cocaine is well documented, it has generally
been limited to situations in which the two drugs are given concurrently. Little exists on the …

Food deprivation increases the rewarding effects of self-administered drugs such as
psychomotor stimulants and benzodiazepines. These drugs also possess aversive …

F rom at least Ferster and Skinner's (1957) early work docu mented in Schedules of
Reinforcement there has been a great deal of interest in contingencies of reinforcement. The …