The inability to maintain drug abstinence is often referred to as relapse and consists of a
process by which an abstaining individual slips back into old behavioral patterns and …

Opioid abuse in humans is characterized by discontinuous periods of drug use and
abstinence. With time, the probability of falling into renewed drug consumption becomes …

It is widely believed that opioid withdrawal symptoms contribute to relapse to opioid use, but
relapse is highly probable in experienced users even after prolonged abstinence and during …

Opioid withdrawal can produce a constellation of physiological and behavioral signs,
including an increase in opioid self-administration. Different mechanisms mediate different …

High rate of relapse to drug use after periods of abstinence is the most difficult clinical
problem in the treatment of human drug addiction (Hunt et al. 1971; O'Brien 1997) …

Lifetime relapse rates remain a major obstacle in addressing the current opioid crisis.
Relapse to opioid use can be modeled in rodent studies where drug self-administration is …

This review focuses upon an animal model of relapse. The basic model is to establish that a
drug is functioning as a reinforcer. Drug is then replaced with vehicle, and responding is …

Rationale. Animal models of relapse to drug abuse typically assess the ability of various
manipulations to reinstate responding that has ceased due to non-reinforcement (extinction) …

The article by F. Leri and J. Stewart (see record 2002-06535-001) addresses the validity of
animal models of relapse in a more sophisticated manner than does much prior research …

Rational and objectives. The reinstatement model is currently used in many laboratories to
investigate mechanisms underlying relapse to drug seeking. Here, we review briefly the …