Humans have used opioids to suppress moderate to severe pain for thousands of years.
However, the long-term use of opioids has several adverse effects, such as opioid tolerance …

Initiated by the activation of various nociceptors, pain is a reaction to specific stimulus
modalities. The μ-opioid receptor (MOR) agonists, including morphine, remain the most …

Hyperalgesia is a cardinal symptom of opioid withdrawal. The transient receptor potential
vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) is a ligand-gated ion channel expressed on sensory neurons …

In spite of intense research efforts and after the dedicated Decade of Pain Control and
Research, there are not many alternatives to opioid-based narcotic analgesics in the …

Pain and inflammation are inherently linked responses to injury, infection, or chronic
diseases. Given that acute inflammation in humans or mice enhances the analgesic …

Transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1), a nonselective cation channel, is a
well-known pain-related receptor. TRPV1 involvement in morphine-induced antinociception …

Opiates are currently the mainstay for treatment of moderate to severe pain. However,
prolonged administration of opiates has been reported to elicit hyperalgesia in animals, and …

Abstract The last decade (2001-2010), declared as the Decade of Pain Control and
Research by the United States Congress, brought significantly advances in our …

Repeated morphine administration induces tolerance to its analgesic effects. A previous
study reported that repeated morphine treatment activates transient receptor potential …

Targeting peripheral neuropathic pain at its origin may prevent the development of
hypersensitivity. Recently we showed this can be mediated by opioid receptors at the injured …