The Multi-Stage Model of Carcinogenesis (MMC), developed in the 1950 s-70s, postulated
carcinogenesis as a Darwinian somatic selection process. The cellular organization of …

Our understanding of cancer has greatly advanced since Nordling [Nordling CO (1953) Br J
Cancer 7 (1): 68–72] and Armitage and Doll [Armitage P, Doll R (1954) Br J Cancer 8 (1): 1 …

The Armitage–Doll multistage model of carcinogenesis refocused cancer science by
postulating that carcinogenesis is driven by a sequence of genetic changes in cells. Age …

Cancer is driven by the sequential accumulation of genetic and epigenetic changes in
oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. The timing of these events is not well understood …

Aging represents the major risk factor for the development of cancer and many other
diseases. Recent findings show that normal tissues become riddled with expanded clones …

Age is the single most important prognostic factor in the development of many cancers. The
major reason for this age-dependence is thought to be the progressive accumulation of …

The multistep transition from a normal to a malignant cellular phenotype is often termed
“somatic evolution” caused by accumulating random mutations. Here, we propose an …

Tumorigenesis in humans is thought to be a multistep process where certain mutations
confer a selective advantage, allowing lineages derived from the mutated cell to outcompete …

Clinical and laboratory studies over recent decades have established branched evolution as
a feature of cancer. However, while grounded in somatic selection, several lines of evidence …

Why do we get cancer mostly when we are old? According to current paradigms, the answer
is simple: mutations accumulate in our tissues throughout life, and some of these mutations …