The immune system enables organisms to combat infections and to eliminate endogenous
challenges. Immune responses can be evoked through diverse inducible pathways …

The mammalian immune system has evolved under continuous selective pressure from a
wide range of microorganisms that colonize and replicate in animal hosts. A complex set of …

Macrophages are first responders for the immune system. In this role, they have both effector
functions for neutralizing pathogens and sentinel functions for alerting other immune cells of …

Cell surface innate immune receptors can directly detect a variety of extracellular pathogens
to which cytoplasmic innate immune sensors are rarely exposed. Instead, within the …

In the initiation of innate immune responses against pathogens, pattern-recognition
receptors (PRRs) have an essential role in recognizing specific components of …

The idea of the importance of mounting an inflammatory response for effective immunity is
supported by a multiplicity of experimental data. It is also well understood that resolution of …

Highlights•Cell-autonomous immunity senses, signals, and eliminates intracellular
pathogens.•Ubiquitination is a post-translational modification that connects these pathways.• …

Research over the last several years has greatly advanced our understanding of the
mechanisms by which the immune system functions. There exist two main branches of …

The immune system probably evolved to limit the negative effects exerted by pathogens on
host homeostasis. This defence strategy relies on the concerted action of innate and …

The innate immune system constitutes the first line of defense against invading pathogens,
regulating the normal microbiota and contributes to homeostasis. Today we have obtained …