Physical activity decreases the risk of a network of diseases, and exercise may be
prescribed as medicine for lifestyle-related disorders such as type 2 diabetes, dementia …

Highlights•Skeletal muscle secretes myokines that exert autocrine paracrine and endocrine
effects.•Paracrine factors modulate muscle angiogenesis, adipogenesis, and …

Skeletal muscle represents the largest organ in the body, comprises 36–42% of body
weight, and has recently been recognized as having an endocrine function. Proteins …

Skeletal muscle is the largest organ of the body in non-obese individuals and is now
considered to be an endocrine organ. Hormones (myokines) secreted by skeletal muscle …

Myokines are muscle‐derived cytokines and chemokines that act extensively on organs and
exert beneficial metabolic functions in the whole‐body through specific signal networks …

Skeletal muscle plays a key role in postural retention as well as locomotion for maintaining
the physical activities of human life. Skeletal muscle has a second role as an elaborate …

In the past, the role of physical activity as a life-style modulating factor has been considered
as that of a tool to balance energy intake. Although it is important to avoid obesity, physical …

Physical activity reduces cardiometabolic risk, while physical inactivity increases chronic
diseases risk. This led to the idea that exercise-induced muscle contraction contributes to …

Physical activity exerts multiple beneficial effects and the myokine concept provides a
framework for understanding the molecular pathways that integrate contracting muscle in the …

Physical exercise has beneficial effects on metabolic diseases, and a combined therapeutic
regimen of regular exercise and pharmaceutical treatment is often recommended for their …