Conventional bone grafting procedures used to treat bone defects have several limitations.
An important aspect of bone tissue engineering is developing novel bone substitute …

Bone contains considerable amounts of minerals and proteins. Hydroxyapatite [Ca10 (PO4)
6 (OH) 2] is one of the most stable forms of calcium phosphate and it occurs in bones as …

The clinical demand for scaffolds and the diversity of available polymers provide freedom in
the fabrication of scaffolds to achieve successful progress in bone tissue engineering (BTE) …

Natural bone tissue is composed of calcium-deficient carbonated hydroxyapatite as the
inorganic phase and collagen type I as the main organic phase. The biomimetic approach of …

Tissue engineering (TE) is an interdisciplinary field involving principles of engineering and
biological sciences to fabricate new tissue and organs using cells and scaffolds. It is …

Bone defects requiring grafts to promote healing are frequently occurring and costly
problems in health care. Chitosan, a biodegradable, naturally occurring polymer, has drawn …

Promoting bone regeneration and repairing defects are urgent and critical challenges in
orthopedic clinical practice. Research on bone substitute biomaterials is essential for …

In recent years, bone tissue engineering (BTE), as a multidisciplinary field, has shown
considerable promise in replacing traditional treatment modalities (ie, autografts, allografts …

As life expectancy increases, malfunction or loss of tissue caused by injury or disease leads
to reduced quality of life in many patients at significant socioeconomic cost. Even though …

Chitosan is a deacetylated polysaccharide from chitin, the natural biopolymer primarily
found in shells of marine crustaceans and fungi cell walls. Upon deacetylation, the …