The present review aims to provide an update on health risks associated with the low-to-
moderate levels of environmental cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) to which most populations …

Environmental cadmium and lead exposures are widespread, and both metals are
nephrotoxic at high exposure levels. Few studies have evaluated the associations between …

Both cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) exposure can induce kidney damage. However, the
effects of combined exposure to Cd and Pb on renal function at environmental levels have …

This special issue of Toxics, Cadmium (Cd) sources and toxicity, consists of one
comprehensive review [1], three epidemiologic investigations [2–4] and five laboratory …

Cadmium (Cd) is a food-chain contaminant that has high rates of soil-to-plant transference.
This phenomenon makes dietary Cd intake unavoidable. Although long-term Cd intake …

Abstract Background Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) are widespread environmental
contaminants that are known nephrotoxins. However, their nephrotoxic effects at low …

Abstract Background Cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and mercury (Hg) cause toxicological renal
effects, but the clinical relevance at low-level exposures in general populations is unclear …

In much of the world, currently employed upper limits of tolerable intake and acceptable
excretion of cadmium (Cd)(ECd/Ecr) are 0.83 µg/kg body weight/day and 5.24 µg/g …

Chronic exposures to cadmium (Cd) are associated with reduced glomerular filtration rate
(GFR), increasing the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD). In support of the World Health …

Background: Exposure to cadmium (Cd) has long been recognized as a health hazard, both
in industry and in general populations with high exposure. Under the currently prevailing …