The conversion of biomass into biofuels has drawn considerable attention as a promising
alternative for fossil fuels. In general sense, fermentation refers to the biochemical …

Energy (fossil fuels) requirement is increasing due to tremendous population growth
(expected to reach 9.7 billion in 2050) along with modernization. The increasing cost of …

The direct utilization of first-generation (coal, woody materials) fossil fuel resources as well
as the rapid fluctuations in crude oil prices will lead to the consciousness of environmental …

Acetone-butanol (AB) fermentation was initiated from the beginning of the twentieth century.
The acetone or butanol produced from AB fermentation has played an important role for the …

Biofuels are the sustainable counterparts of fossil fuels to meet the increasing energy
demands of the current and future generations. Biofuels are produced from waste organic …

Fast exhaustion of fossil fuel stocks, as well as problems allied with air pollution, has created
a worldwide attention in searching for alternative, renewable lignocellulosic macromolecule …

Since the late 20th century, the concept of bio-based molecules has become more important
(Clark and Deswarte, 2008). Those molecules derived from biomass through transformation …

Fossil fuels are the primary source of energy production. However, owing to their negative
effects and ever increasing demand of energy, biofuels, especially, biobutanol is gaining …

The environmental concern of developing alternative and sustainable fuel sources has
become imperative to escalate global energy demand and the pertaining issue of climate …

Among the many other difficulties of modern societies, energy scarcity, and depletion of
fossil fuels are one of the most concerning ones. Due to the exponential growth of …