In principle, electrical currents have been applied to modulate cerebral functions for several
hundred years (for a review see Zaghi et al. 2010a). In these early times, the main interest of …

The current book starts with an overview of the past, by providing a brief history of how
transcranial electrical stimulation has been used to enhance cognition and improve health …

In 2016, György Buzsáki shocked the scientific field of transcranial electric stimulation (tES)
when he showed that only a small amount of electric current applied to the scalp of a …

Tonic stimulation with direct currents (transcranial direct current stimulation [tDCS]) was
reintroduced about a decade ago as a method to modulate cortical excitability, activity, and …

In recent years, there has been remarkable progress in the understanding and practical use
of transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) techniques. Nevertheless, to date, this …

Transcranial current stimulation (TCS) is a neuromodulation method in which the patient is
exposed to a mild electric current (direct or alternating) at 1-2 mA, resulting in an increase or …

The growing use of non-invasive brain stimulation in clinical applications reflects its
capabilities to transiently modulate cortical excitability, motor and cognitive functions in ways …

Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) aims to alter brain function non-invasively by
applying current to electrodes on the scalp. Decades of research and technological …

Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) is a neuromodulatory technique in which low voltage
constant or alternating currents are applied to the human brain via scalp electrodes. The …

Non-invasive brain stimulation techniques have been used for decades to study brain
function and for the treatment of various neurological disease. These techniques involve the …