The intestinal mucosa and liver have long been considered as the main sites of drug
metabolism, and the contribution of gut microbiota to drug metabolism has been under …

Gut microbiota is the most diverse and complex biological ecosystem, which is estimated to
consist of greater than 5 million distinct genes and 100 trillion cells which are in constant …

The efficacy of drugs widely varies in individuals, and the gut microbiota plays an important
role in this variability. The commensal microbiota living in the human gut encodes several …

The human gut microbiota has now been associated with drug responses and efficacy, while
chemical compounds present in these drugs can also impact the gut bacteria. However …

The gut microbiota has both direct and indirect effects on drug and xenobiotic metabolisms,
and this can have consequences for both efficacy and toxicity. Indeed, microbiome-driven …

Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) exhibit impaired control of the microbiome in
the gut, and 'dysbiosis' is commonly observed. Western diet is a risk factor for the …

Besides its contribution to the development of rheumatic diseases, the gut microbiota
interact with anti-rheumatic drugs. The intestinal microbiota can directly metabolize many …

The mammalian gut microbiota interact extensively with the host through metabolic
exchange and co-metabolism of substrates. Such metabolome–metabolome interactions are …

It is known that the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) microbiota responds to different antibiotics in
different ways and that while some antibiotics do not induce disturbances of the community …

Higher organisms such as mammals exist in a symbiotic relationship with their gut
microbiota, formed from a diverse and highly metabolically active consortium of species. The …