Proper recognition of invading pathogens and prompt initiation of host defense mechanisms
are instrumental for the maintenance of organismal homeostasis. Nucleotide–binding …

Muramyl peptides derived from bacterial peptidoglycan have long been known for their
ability to trigger host innate immune responses, including inflammation and antimicrobial …

Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) is a receptor of the innate immune
system that is capable of perceiving bacterial and viral infections. Muramyl dipeptide (MDP …

The covalent attachment of an innate immune system stimulating agent to an antigen can
provide active vaccine modalities capable of eliciting a potent immune response against the …

Muramyl di-and tri-peptides are putative activators of the innate immune system through
stimulation of the NOD2 receptor. To provide tools for the clarification of the mechanism of …

The innate immune system's interaction with bacterial cells plays a pivotal role in a variety of
human diseases. Carbohydrate units derived from a component of bacterial cell wall …

Muramyl dipeptide (MDP) is the smallest peptidoglycan fragment capable of triggering the
innate immune system through interaction with the intracellular NOD2 receptor. To develop …

Nucleotide oligomerization domain‐containing protein 2 (Nod2), an innate immune receptor,
recognizes bacterial cell‐wall peptidoglycan (PGN), the minimum ligand of which is muramyl …

Nucleotide binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 1 (NOD1) and NOD2 have
been identified as intracellular receptors for bacterial peptidoglycan for almost two decades; …

Muramyl dipeptide (MDP), a fragment of bacterial peptidoglycan, has long been known as
the smallest fragment possessing adjuvant activity, on the basis of its agonistic action on the …