Background: Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), a widely prescribed component in
antiretroviral regimens, has been associated with nephrotoxicity. Nebivolol is a third …

Background Nephrotoxicity is a dose limiting side effect of Tenofovir (TDF), a commonly
used anti-HIV drug. About 37-45% of patients on anti-HIV drugs suffer from renal damage …

Tenofovir (TFV) is a reverse transcriptase inhibitor that is approved by the United States
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat HIV and chronic Hepatitis B. It has a long half …

Background: Nephrotoxicity is a dose-limiting side effect of long-term use of tenofovir, a
reverse transcriptase inhibitor that is used for the treatment of human immunodeficiency …

Tenofovir is a reverse-transcriptase inhibitor based on acyclic nucleotide analogs. Tenofovir
is a drug that is often used in treating HIV infection and has also been approved for treating …

Tenofovir disproxil fumarate (Viread) is a highly effective HIV antiviral drug approved for
treating infections with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Hepatitis B. It is one of the …

Nephrotoxicity is a dose-limiting side effect of long-term use of tenofovir, a reverse
transcriptase inhibitor that is used for the treatment of HIV infection and chronic hepatitis B …

Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) is prevalent among HIV-infected individuals. Vitamin D has been
associated with renal and cardiovascular diseases because of its effects on oxidative stress …

Nephrotoxicity due to tenofovir treatment of HIV patients has been reported. However, the
mechanism of tenofovir nephrotoxicity is not clear. NFκB is an important proinflammatory …

Objective In this study, data regarding epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenesis and outcome
of tenofovir-induced nephrotoxicity will be reviewed, and current and future approaches for …