The characteristic brain pathology and motor and nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson's
disease (PD) are well established. However, the details regarding the causes of the disease …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease that appears essentially
as a sporadic condition. PD is well known to be a chronic and progressive …

Purpose: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a movement disorder mainly characterized by
progressive neurodegeneration of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons in the substantia nigra …

A number of neurotoxin-and gene-based rodent models of acute neurodegeneration of
nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) neurons are used to study Parkinson's disease (PD). The rapid …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common and progressive neurodegenerative disorder. The 1-
methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mouse model of PD is widely used to …

Animal experimentation in the Parkinson's disease (PD) field is a classic example of how the
use of animal models to study diseases can have a significant impact on human health …

Among the most widely used models of Parkinson's disease (PD) are those that employ
toxins, especially 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Depending on the …

1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) is known to cause parkinsonism in
humans and this fact is a major incentive for using this toxin as an animal model to study the …

Parkinson disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative movement
disorder. Pharmacological animal models are invaluable tools to study the pathological …

Formidable challenges for Parkinson's disease (PD) research are to understand the
processes underlying nigrostriatal degeneration and how to protect dopamine neurons …