Mounting evidence indicates that disruptions in bidirectional communication pathways
between the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral immune system underlie the …

It is widely accepted that communication between the nervous and immune systems is
involved in the development of chronic pain. At each level of the nervous system, immune …

One area that has emerged as a promising therapeutic target for the treatment and
prevention of chronic pain and opioid tolerance/hyperalgesia is the modulation of the central …

Depression and chronic pain have been estimated to co-occur in up to 80% of patients
suffering from these disorders, with this co-morbidity being more disabling and more …

Neuro-immune interactions contribute to the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain due to
peripheral nerve injury. A large body of preclinical evidence supports the idea that the …

Highlights•Cytokines modulate neurotransmission, synaptic plasticity, and neurogenesis.•
Activated glia and cytokines in pain circuits contribute to chronic pain.•Neural imaging …

Pain is an unpleasant sensation associated with injury, inflammation, and infection. It has
been demonstrated that communication between immune cells and neurons plays a vital …

Neuroinflammation is a complex process involving both the peripheral circulation and the
Central Nervous System (CNS) and is considered to underlie many CNS disorders including …

Current evidence suggests that activation of glial and immune cells leads to increased
production of proinflammatory mediators, creating a neuroinflammatory state …

Reciprocal signalling between immunocompetent cells in the central nervous system (CNS)
has emerged as a key phenomenon underpinning pathological and chronic pain …