Background The ubiquitous vascular response to transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) has
been attributed to the secondary effect of neuronal activity forming the classic neurovascular …

Various conditions affecting the cerebral vasculature may lead to cumulative damage and
thus deterioration of brain function, in what has been called vascular cognitive impairment …

Background and purpose Transcranial direct current stimulation (DCS) structurally and
functionally modulates neuronal networks and microglia dynamics. Neurovascular coupling …

Background Electrical vasoconstriction is a promising approach to control blood pressure or
restrict bleeding in non-compressible wounds. We explore the neural and non-neural …

Abstract Purpose of Review Neurophysiology is a complex network of cellular, electrical,
and vascular systems which function to maximize neuronal functioning and brain …

Background Transcranial electrical stimulation at an appropriate dose may demonstrate
intracranial effects, including neuronal stimulation and cerebral blood flow responses …

Brain perfusion is tightly coupled to neuronal activity, is commonly used to monitor normal or
pathological brain function, and is a direct reflection of the interactions that occur between …

Increased function of the central neurons results in increased neuronal metabolism and, as
a consequence, increased concentration of metabolic end-products (H+, K+, adenosin) …

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been shown to alter cortical excitability.
However, it is increasingly accepted that tDCS has high inter-and intra-subject response …

In principle, electrical currents have been applied to modulate cerebral functions for several
hundred years (for a review see Zaghi et al. 2010a). In these early times, the main interest of …