Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and synthetic chemicals
targeting specific proteins or various molecular pathways for tumor suppression, such as …

Abstract Extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2) plays a crucial role in the
resistance of apoptosis in carcinogenesis; however, its targeted small-molecule inhibitors …

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is a validated therapeutic target in cancer
therapy, and HER2 protein-tyrosine kinase inhibitors have attracted considerable attention …

ERK1 and ERK5 are proposed to have pivotal roles in several types of cancer. Under some
circumstance, ERK5 may provide a common bypass route, which rescues proliferation upon …

The mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 5 (MEK5)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase
5 (ERK5) axis has been reported to promote tumorigenesis in breast cancer (BC). Therefore …

The RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK signaling cascade is abnormally activated in various tumors,
playing a crucial role in mediating tumor progression. As the key component at the terminal …

Targeting HER2 has become a landmark in the treatment of HER2-driven breast cancer.
Nonetheless, the clinical efficacy of anti-HER2 therapies can be short-lived and a significant …

Abstract The Ras–Raf–MEK1/2–ERK1/2 pathway is an attractive target for the development
of anticancer agents because of the high prevalence of ERK activation in human cancers …

The RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway regulates diverse cellular processes as exemplified
by cell proliferation, differentiation, motility, and survival. Activation of ERK1/2 generally …

Triple negative breast cancers (TNBCs) account for 15% of all breast cancers, and represent
one of the most aggressive forms of the disease, exhibiting short relapse-free survival. In …