Uremic vascular calcification (VC) commonly occurs during advanced chronic kidney
disease (CKD) and significantly increases cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Uremic …

Cardiovascular calcification is highly prevalent and associated with increased morbidity in
chronic kidney disease (CKD). This review examines the impact of uremic toxins, which …

In patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD), the accumulation of uremic toxins,
caused by a combination of decreased excretion secondary to reduced kidney function and …

The cardiorenal syndrome relates to the detrimental interplay between the vascular system
and the kidney. The uremic milieu induced by reduced kidney function alters the phenotype …

Background Protein-bound uremic toxins indoxyl sulfate (IS) and p-cresyl sulfate (PCS) have
been associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with CKD. However …

Vascular calcification (VC) is a cardiovascular complication associated with a high mortality
rate, especially in patients with diabetes, atherosclerosis or chronic kidney disease (CKD). In …

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been considered a major risk factor for cardiovascular
diseases. Although great advances have recently been made in the pathophysiology and …

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with profound vascular remodeling, which
accelerates the progression of cardiovascular disease. This remodeling is characterized by …

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) exhibits progressive kidney dysfunction and leads to
disturbed homeostasis, including accumulation of uremic toxins, activated renin-angiotensin …

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive loss of renal function. The gradual decline in
kidney function leads to an accumulation of toxins normally cleared by the kidneys, resulting …