Venom producing animals are ubiquitously disseminated among vertebrates and
invertebrates such as fish, snakes, scorpions, spiders, and ticks. Of the~ 890 tick species …

Abstract The Australian paralysis tick (Ixodes holocyclus) secretes neuropathic toxins into
saliva that induce host paralysis. Salivary glands and viscera were dissected from fully …

Ixodes holocyclus is the paralysis tick commonly found in Australia. I. holocyclus does not
cause paralysis in the primary host–bandicoots, but markedly affects secondary hosts such …

Ticks are important vectors of pathogens and secreted neurotoxins with approximately 69
out of 692 tick species having the ability to induce severe toxicoses in their hosts. The …

Tick vaccine research in Australia has demonstrated leadership worldwide through the
development of the first anti-tick vaccine in the 1990s. Australia's Commonwealth Scientific …

In the past 100 years minimal venom research has focused on ticks despite several species
possessing a highly paralytic and lethal venom cocktail of proteinaceous molecules. The …

The paralysis tick of Australia, Ixodes holocyclus, causes a severe toxicosis in domestic
animals such as dogs and cats, livestock, and in some cases, humans. It is characterised by …

Abstract The Australian paralysis tick Ixodes holocyclus occurs along the eastern coast of
Australia. Its interaction with a wide variety of hosts causes a serious toxicosis (tick paralysis) …

The administration of tick antitoxin serum is an important component of the treatment of
Ixodes holocyclus toxicity in Australian dogs. Available recommendations for the use of tick …

Ticks are obligate haematophagous ectoparasites of various animals, including humans,
and are abundant in temperate and tropical zones around the world. They are the most …