The anatomical organisation of the spinal cord and nerve roots gives rise to the clinical
features seen in associated diseases. Extrinsic compression of the spinal cord damages …

This chapter contains sections titled: Embryology of the spine Genetic control of spinal
development Identifying genetic mutations involved in spinal anomaly Human vertebral …

Basic knowledge of macroscopic anatomy is needed to understand the clinical signs and
distinct syndromes resulting from the disturbed function of the tracks, segments and roots of …

The spinal cord extends caudally from the medulla to the first or second lumbar vertebrae in
adults and slightly lower in infants. Spinal cord functions are not solely passive but also …

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The distinctive patterns of myelopathy (disorder of the spinal cord) and radiculopathy
(disorder of spinal roots) are a direct consequence of the striking anatomy of the spinal …

Spondylosis provokes osteophytic formation and narrowing of the spinal canal and
intervertebral foramina. Radiculopathy or myelopathy or both may occur, but there is no …

Pathologies that affect the spinal cord are diverse. In addition to trauma, common etiologies
of myelopathy include autoimmune, infectious, neoplastic, vascular, and hereditary …

This two part series reviews the recent literature concerning the etiology and clinical
presentation of cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM). CSM is the most common …

Cervical spondylosis is a common condition that includes a continuum of degenerative, age-
related changes resulting in compression and inflammation of the nerve roots …