Pausing of RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) by backtracking on DNA is a major regulatory
mechanism in control of eukaryotic transcription. Backtracking occurs by extrusion of the 3 …

The mechanism for elongation catalyzed by human RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) has been
analyzed using millisecond phase transient state kinetics. Here, we apply a running start …

Two different molecular mechanisms, sliding and hopping, are employed by DNA-binding
proteins for their one-dimensional facilitated diffusion on nonspecific DNA regions until …

RNA polymerase II backtracking is a well-known phenomenon, but its involvement in gene
regulation is yet to be addressed. Structural studies into the backtracked complex, new …

The role of yeast RNA polymerase II (pol II) subunit RPB9 in transcript elongation was
investigated by examining the biochemical properties of pol II lacking RPB9 (pol IIΔ9). The …

Transcriptional pausing by RNA polymerase has been the subject of extensive
investigations in vitro, yet little is known about its occurrence and significance in vivo. The …

During transcription, RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) must select the correct nucleotide,
catalyze its addition to the growing RNA transcript, and move stepwise along the DNA until a …

We report a" running start, two-bond" protocol to analyze elongation by human RNA
polymerase II (RNAP II). In this procedure, the running start allowed us to measure rapid …

The ability of RNA polymerase (RNAP) to adopt multiple conformations is central to
transcriptional regulation. In previous work, we demonstrated that RNAP can exist in an …

To better understand the critical conversions that RNA polymerase II complexes undergo
during promoter escape, we determined in vitro the precise positions of the rate‐limiting step …