The dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and
striatum of the midbrain is the important pathological feature of Parkinson's disease (PD). It …

Abstract Parkinson's disease (PD), a common human neurodegenerative disorder, is
characterized by the presence of intraneuronal Lewy bodies composed principally of …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons
in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Several brain–gut peptides are able to exert …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons
within the substantia nigra compacta (SNpc) which leads to the behavioral dysfunction. In …

Aims Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease typically
associated with the accumulation of α-synuclein. Autophagy impairment is thought to be …

Although Parkinson's disease (PD) is well known with its motor deficits, the patients often
suffer from cognitive dysfunction. Apelin, as the endogenous ligand of the APJ receptor, is …

Methamphetamine (METH) is a potent psychomotor stimulant that has a high potential for
abuse in humans. In addition, it is neurotoxic, especially in dopaminergic neurons. Long …

The hippocampus is involved in learning and memory for novel information and implicated
within the cognitive dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. Long-term potentiation (LTP), the …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) by progressive neurodegenerative pattern is associated with
autophagy stress which is suggested as a potential cause of amyloid β (Aβ) aggregation and …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a severe neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss
of brain dopaminergic neurons. Beside pharmacologic and symptomatic treatment of PD the …