Atherosclerosis is defined as an inflammatory disease. Low-grade inflammation is present in
all phases of the cardiovascular continuum, since the establishment of cardiovascular risk …

Cytokines are polypeptide or glycopeptide signalling molecules with molecular weights from
5 to 70,000 Daltons (Table 1). They act at extremely low concentrations (picomolar and …

Cytokines are pleiotropic mediators of inflammation and immunity. Leukocytes and vascular
cells are both sources of cytokines and targets for them. Several cytokines affect key …

Convergent experimental and clinical evidence have established the pathophysiological
importance of pro-inflammatory pathways in coronary artery disease. Notably, the interest in …

To further understand chronic heart disease, such as heart failure and cardiomyopathy, we
must fully define signaling pathways within the myocardium. Recent studies suggest that …

The immune system is a system of dynamic equilibrium, with inflammatory responses
(mediated by T helper type 1 cells, interleukin [IL]-1β, interferon-γ, and tumor necrosis factor …

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D uring infection, the host produces several proinflammatory cytokines that have been
implicated as playing a critical role in the pathogenesis of the disease. The production of …

There is an emerging concept that the net biological response of pro and anti-inflammatory
cytokines affects the outcome of certain diseases. In inflammatory diseases, interleukin-1 (IL …

Abstract Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a key mediator in the cytokine network, controlling important
functions in the immune system, during development, infection, inflammation, cell …