Ketamine is a drug largely used in clinical practice as an anesthetic and it can also be used
as an analgesic to manage chronic pain symptoms. Despite its interactions with several …

It is generally believed that NMDA receptor antagonism accounts for most of the anesthetic
and analgesic effects of ketamine, however, it interacts at multiple sites in the central …

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: In pain management, alternative medications are necessary due to
the development of tolerance to traditional opioid analgesics. Literature data suggest that N …

Ketamine, one of a few clinically-available N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-receptor
antagonists, is known to improve the analgesic efficacy of opioids in humans and rodents …

To study the antinociceptive synergy resulting from the combination of opioid receptor
agonists and N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists on neuropathic pain, an …

Epidural opioids have been reported to provide superior analgesia in acute pain
management. Despite the fact that the required doses are low, major side effects such as …

Abstract Systemic ketamine (50 or 160 mg/kg, ip) produced an antinociceptive effect in rats
on the tail flick test. This effect of ketamine was inhibited by injection of naloxone (27 nmol) …

The anesthetic agent, ketamine, has the potential to recruit spinopetal noradrenergic and
serotonergic neuronal pathways for its antinociceptive effect. Neurochemically, ketamine …

BACKGROUND: The involvement of the l-arginine/nitric oxide (NO)/cyclic guanosine
monophosphate (cGMP) pathway in antinociception has been implicated as a molecular …

Methods Wistar rats were anesthetized with urethane. As a nociceptive flexion reflex (FR), C
responses from the posterior biceps semitendinosus (PBST) muscle was evoked by …