The impact of exposure to metals on chronic kidney disease (CKD) has only been
investigated in two-way or single metal interactions in previous studies. We investigated the …

Background The association between single metal exposure and chronic kidney disease
(CKD) has been established. However, there is limited research on the effects of multi-metal …

Metals have been proved to be one of risk factors for chronic kidney disease (CKD) and
diabetes, but the effect of mixed metal co-exposure and potential interaction between metals …

The effects of metal exposure on kidney function have been reported in previous literature.
There is limited and inconsistent information on the associations between individual and …

The association between co-exposure to multiple metals and renal function is poorly
understood. We aimed to evaluate the individual and joint effects of metal exposure on renal …

Background Extensive studies have revealed the link between heavy metals and CKD.
Compared to single meta-elements, mixture of metals reflect real-life metals exposure …

Background Previous studies have identified several genetic and environmental risk factors
for chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, little is known about the relationship between …

Background Epidemiological studies have reported associations between heavy metals and
renal function. However, longitudinal studies are required to further validate these …

Background Exposure to heavy metals may increase risk of kidney disease, but most studies
have examined individual metals or two-way interactions. There is increasing recognition of …

Chronic kidney disease, common in older individuals, causes a considerable disease
burden worldwide. Although heavy metal exposure is associated with renal impairment, the …