The brain–blood barrier (BBB) tightly limits immune cell migration into the central nervous
system (CNS), avoiding unwanted inflammation under the normal state. However, immune …

Neuroimmunology is a research field that intersects neuroscience and immunology, with the
larger aim of gaining significant insights into the pathophysiology of chronic inflammatory …

The dynamic interaction and movement of substances and cells between the central
nervous system (CNS) and peripheral organs are meticulously controlled by a specialized …

Neuroinflammation is an important biological process induced by complex interactions
between immune cells and neuronal cells in the central nervous system (CNS). Recent …

The gateway reflex is a new phenomenon that explains how immune cells bypass the blood–
brain barrier to infiltrate the central nervous system (CNS) and trigger neuroinflammation. To …

The inflammation amplifier, a nuclear factor‑kappa B (NF‑kB) feedback loop in non‑immune
cells including fibroblasts and endothelial cells, describes how NF‑kB–mediated …

The neural regulation of organs can be categorized as systemic or local. Whereas systemic
regulation by the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal gland-mediated release of steroid …

The immune system is affected considerably by the physical environment. The molecular
mechanisms that regulate this connection are not well understood. Because neural activities …

Introduction Tissue-specific inflammatory diseases are regulated by several mechanisms.
The gateway reflex and IL− 6 amplifier are two mechanisms involved in diseases that …

The central nervous system (CNS) is an immune‐privileged environment protected by the
blood‐brain barrier (BBB), which consists of specific endothelial cells that are brought …